How will the mini-budget affect income tax, national insurance, stamp duty, benefits and savings?

The government's huge package of tax cuts is set to affect millions of people's personal finances.

Kwasi Kwarteng announced cuts to the highest earners' tax rate, slashed stamp duty, and lifted a cap on bankers' bonuses, while tightening restrictions on welfare recipients.

The chancellor also announced changes to income tax and national insurance contributions are set to affect workers' take home pay.

Here is a look at what Friday's 'mini-budget' could mean for your household.

Home movers

Permanent cuts to stamp duty in England and Northern Ireland could encourage more people to buy.

The “nil rate” stamp duty band will be doubled from £125,000 to £250,000.

First-time buyers will pay no stamp duty up to £425,000. First-time buyers will also be able to access the relief when they buy a property costing less than £625,000 rather than the previous £500,000.

The measures will reduce stamp duty bills for all movers by up to £2,500, with first-time buyers able to access up to £8,750 in relief.

But would-be buyers still face obstacles from rising mortgage rates and surging house prices, making it harder to raise a deposit.

Taking into account all of the recent Bank of England base rate hikes, a tracker mortgage is now around £210 per month more expensive on average than it was before the rate increases started last December, according to UK Finance figures.

Sarah Coles, senior personal finance analyst at Hargreaves Lansdown, tells ITV News stamp duty cuts can actually push house prices up

A standard variable rate (SVR) mortgage is now around £132 more expensive per month.

Estate agents Savills said the biggest beneficiaries of the stamp duty changes are likely to be first-time buyers in London and the more expensive parts of the South East of England.

The government said it will set out further details to increase housing supply in the coming weeks.

Government documents also said the Scottish and Welsh governments “will receive funding through the agreed fiscal framework to allocate as they see fit”.

Taxpayers

A 1p cut to the basic rate of income tax will take place a year earlier than planned.

From April 2023, the basic rate of income tax will be cut from 20% to 19% and will mean 31 million people will be better off by an average of £170 per year.

The additional rate of tax, which is set at 45%, will also be abolished from April 2023.

In its place, there will be a single higher rate of income tax of 40%, rather than an additional 45% on annual income above £150,000.

It means that all annual income above £50,270 will be taxed at 40%.

The 'additional rate' of tax applies to earnings of £150,000 and above - rather than a 45% tax on the entire salary.

In the UK, the first £12,570 of a worker’s earnings is treated as personal allowance and is not taxed.

The 'basic rate' of £12,571 to £50,270 attracts a 20% tax rate (soon to drop to 19%), and the 'higher rate' applies to every pound earned between £50,271 and £150,000.

That means someone earning over £150,000 only starts paying 45% tax on the earnings above that bracket.

The government said higher tax rates damage UK competitiveness.

But some argue the move could fuel inflation.

Good Law Project lawyer Jolyon Maugham tweeted: “Liz Truss' budget means that those earning a million a year will have £54,400 extra in their pockets after tax and NICs. For those earning £25,000, the equivalent figure is about £280.

“Hard to imagine a worse response to a cost of living crisis."

A person earning £1 million a year, will save £55,219.88 on tax and national insurance contribution cuts, from April 2023 when both income tax and national insurance changes come into effect.

Meanwhile, an earner on the prime minister’s salary of just over £164,000 will save roughly £2,970.

According to the Office for National Statistics (ONS) figures, the median weekly pay for a UK earner is £611- or £31,772 a year.

Someone on a median UK worker’s full-time salary would take home savings of around £430 a year.

The UK minimum full-time minimum wage worker presently earns just under £20,000 - or £9.50 an hour. The amount is expected to rise next year.

However at current rates, a minimum wage earner could expect to save a little over £200 a year - or £16.60 a month in their take-home pay.

Sarah Coles, senior personal finance analyst at Hargreaves Lansdown said: “Our research shows that additional rate taxpayers are far more likely to have wiggle room in their budgets, and dramatically more likely to do so as we go through the cost-of-living crisis.

“So those who are the least desperate for help will receive the most.

“Putting money in the pockets of higher earners also raises an inflation risk. If they don’t need this extra cash to fill a hole in their budget, there’s a risk their spending will rise, pushing up prices even further.”

The 1.25 percentage point rise in national insurance contributions, which took effect in April, will also be reversed from November.

This means 28 million people across the UK will keep an extra £330 a year, on average, in 2023/24, according to the government.

Savers

Top earners on salaries of £150,000 and above, who would have otherwise been 45% additional rate taxpayers, will from April 2023 benefit from a tax-free personal savings allowance of £500, in line with higher rate taxpayers.

This was not previously available to them.

The personal savings allowance enables people to earn certain amounts of interest without paying tax on it.

There could also be a dash for higher earners to pile money into their pensions while they can still get relief at 45% on the cost of saving for their retirement.

Former pensions minister Sir Steve Webb, who is now a partner at consultants LCP (Lane Clark & Peacock), said: “There is likely to be a flurry of activity amongst Britain’s highest earners looking to make the most of the chance to get tax relief at 45% on their pension contributions.”

Energy bill payers

The government has previously confirmed the energy price guarantee, which will reduce the unit cost of electricity and gas so that a typical household in Britain pays, on average, around £2,500 a year on their energy bill, for the next two years, from October 1.

The £400 energy bills support scheme will be paid across Britain in six monthly instalments from October, with additional support for particularly vulnerable households.

Together, the price guarantee and support scheme will save the typical household at least £1,400 for the next year compared with the October 2022 price cap.

But charities have warned that many households are already in financial difficulty and struggling with bills.

Workers

Plans include legislation to force trade unions to put pay offers to a member vote so strikes can only be called once negotiations have fully broken down.

Universal Credit claimants who earn less than the equivalent of 15 hours a week at National Living Wage will be required to meet regularly with their work coach and take active steps to increase their earnings or face having their benefits reduced.

This change is expected to bring an additional 120,000 people into the more intensive work search regime, according to ministers.

The government said average UK real wage growth has been broadly stagnant for 15 years, due in large part to poor productivity growth.

It argues that the only sustainable way to raise living standards and fund vital public services is to unleash growth, including helping the unemployed into work and those in jobs secure better paid work.

To support working families, the government also said it will bring forward reforms to improve access to affordable, flexible childcare.

Jobseekers

Jobseekers aged over 50 will be given extra time with jobcentre work coaches, to help them return to the jobs market.

Rising economic inactivity in the over-50s is contributing to shortages in the jobs market, driving up inflation and limiting growth, the government said.

Bankers

The government has said that scrapping a cap on bankers’ bonuses will encourage global banks to create jobs and invest, but critics argue it will see the return of a “culture of greed”.

Bankers' bonuses were limited at double their basic salary - or treble, subject to shareholders' approval.

But Mr Kwarteng, justifying why he was lifting the cap, said it hadn't stopped banks boosting bankers' basic salaries.

He said he wanted to attract the best talent to the City of London, and invigorate the market.

Alcohol drinkers

Alcohol duty will be frozen from February 2023.

The tax cut will save the consumer 7p on a pint of beer, 4p on a pint of cider, 38p on a bottle of wine, and £1.35 on a bottle of spirits, according to the government.

Freelancers

Some freelance workers will once again have to ensure they are paying the right tax by figuring out their employment status themselves.

Workers affected by IR35 are generally those whose provide their services through an intermediary, such as a limited company.

Contractors who carry out what is known as ‘off-payroll’ working, must pay tax and national insurance at the same rates as employees.

This is designed to prevent self-employed people who are to all intents and purposes working like employees from benefiting from tax efficiencies payrolled employees cannot.

Presently, the responsibility for checking whether a worker falls under the IR35 generally rests with the employer, and then the third party paying the earner has to pay their tax and NI to HMRC.

The chancellor said that he would rip up changes from 2017 and 2021 which transferred this responsibility to employers when a person provided services through their own company or other intermediary.

The changes to the IR35 rules would be repealed from April next year, the government said.

“From this date, workers providing their services via an intermediary will once again be responsible for determining their employment status and paying the appropriate amount of tax and national insurance contributions,” it said.

“This will free up time and money for businesses that engage contractors, that could be put towards other priorities.”

Shoppers

The government plans to consult on introducing a VAT-free shopping scheme for overseas visitors.

The plan was revealed in government documents published alongside the mini-budget announcement today.

If enacted, it would mean tourists can receive a VAT refund on goods purchased in Britain.

However, there was no indication of any VAT cuts for domestic spenders.

UKHospitality chief Kate Nicholls welcomed the plan, but added a reduction in VAT was much-needed, after it was lifted to 20% in 2011.

She tweeted: "It would be nice to see that same approach applied to our UK tourists and customers visiting pubs, attractions and restaurants by lowering the rate of VAT for UK consumers too."

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