How can the UK cut reliance on Russian fossil fuels and curb energy bills?

The government has promised to take back control of energy prices through boosts to nuclear, wind, solar and hydrogen in its long-awaited energy strategy.

The unveiling of the plan came as millions of people across the UK face a cost of living crisis as energy bills surge, and was announced in part to reduce reliance on Russian oil and gas.

So what are the options for the UK to secure supplies and bring down bills?

• North Sea resources

There is still oil and gas under the sea off the UK’s coast, but the levels have been dwindling and what is left is increasingly difficult to get out.

There are about 4.4 billion barrels of oil and oil-equivalent that has been proven under UK waters, according to the North Sea Transition Authority, and there could be more than 10 billion in unproven reserves, according to previous speculative estimates.

North Sea production would be unlikely to push down prices – which are set internationally – but could help with the UK’s energy security.

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• Imports

If other countries ramp up production this could have a much greater impact on prices.

The Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries is estimated to be able to increase oil production by around four million barrels a day, something that would significantly impact on prices.

The UK could also get more gas from the US and the Gulf countries. The Grain liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminal in Kent can in theory bring in enough gas to supply 25% of UK demand.

But in reality this can only happen if enough ships dock there. In a record set last April, the terminal supplied 15% of demand.

This means there is plenty of capacity to ramp up how much comes in through the UK’s LNG terminals, which in turn could also be exported to Europe.

• Fracking for shale gas

Just a few months ago, more than a decade of efforts to develop fracking for shale gas seemed to be over, authorities ordered the sealing of the only two horizontal drilled wells in Lancashire.

But with the energy crisis there has been pressure to look again at the controversial gas source, and the order to permanently seal the wells has been suspended.

The government has also commissioned a review into the science around fracking, which could pave the way to lifting the temporary suspension on the process brought in over the tremors it caused.

• Electrification

By switching to electric cars and electric heating for homes the UK could cut its reliance on fossil fuel imports, as currently around 85% of homes use gas for heating or cooking, and most cars use oil products.

Replacing boilers with heat pumps that run on electricity and use less energy for warming homes, and swapping petrol and diesel cars with electric alternatives, could reduce fossil fuel demand – and greenhouse gas emissions.

But that will also require investment in low-carbon renewable electricity generation.

Renewables are on the increase, but gas still generates a chunk of British electricity- producing just under two-fifths of the country’s power last year.

• Renewables

Boris Johnson has said renewables are the quickest and cheapest route to greater energy independence, and pledged to boost new wind power, accelerate the rollout of offshore wind farms and use more solar energy.

As gas prices have climbed, renewables are already saving consumers money as they generate electricity more cheaply than gas plants.

They would be curbing costs even more if there had not been an effective suspension on new onshore wind farms in England under the Tories, according to campaigners.

As more wind farms come online, they will displace more gas. Also, they have contracts to supply electricity at prices well below current high levels, paying money back to consumers.

• Nuclear power

Mr Johnson is also pushing for efforts to get new nuclear power – from large plants to small modular reactors – up and running more quickly and cheaply to provide low-carbon, constant power to the grid.

But progress to replace Britain’s ageing fleet of reactors has been slow, with high upfront costs of construction and difficulty attracting investment.

Just one new plant, Hinkley Point C, is under construction, with the start of electricity generation expected in June 2026, and further new plants would not come online for a number of years.

• Reducing energy use at home

There are calls for a public awareness campaign to encourage people to take steps that will cut household energy demand, bills and carbon emissions without compromising on health and comfort.

These can include actions such as turning down the “flow temperature” on condensing boilers to reduce the temperature of the water sent to radiators and turning down the thermostat by 1C – while staying within a comfortable range of 18-21C.

Households can also install energy saving measures such as loft and cavity wall insulation or double glazing, and switch to low-energy appliances, although the cost of these options varies significantly.